Subjective / Written Questions (25)
1. Explain OTU, informative sites, cladogram, phylogram and phenogram and distinguish their interpretive limits. / OTU, informative sites, cladogram, phylogram और phenogram को समझाकर उनकी interpretive limits बताइए।
2. Compare GenBank, EMBL, Swiss-Prot and PDB in terms of biological data stored. / GenBank, EMBL, Swiss-Prot और PDB में stored biological data की तुलना कीजिए।
3. Explain dynamic versus heuristic sequence-alignment algorithms with Needleman-Wunsch, Smith-Waterman, BLAST and FASTA. / Dynamic और heuristic alignment algorithms को examples सहित समझाइए।
4. Compare rooted and unrooted trees and explain what evolutionary information each can represent. / Rooted और unrooted trees की तुलना तथा उनकी evolutionary interpretation बताइए।
5. Distinguish homology, homoplasy, orthology, paralogy and xenology. / Homology, homoplasy, orthology, paralogy और xenology को अलग कीजिए।
6. Evaluate maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood for phylogenetic reconstruction. / Maximum parsimony और maximum likelihood का phylogenetic reconstruction में मूल्यांकन कीजिए।
7. Explain Fitch-Margoliash, least-squares, neighbour-joining and UPGMA distance methods. / Fitch-Margoliash, least-squares, neighbour-joining और UPGMA समझाइए।
8. Discuss bootstrap support and split decomposition in evaluating phylogenetic confidence and conflict. / Bootstrap support और split decomposition से phylogenetic confidence तथा conflict evaluate कीजिए।
9. Explain insect alimentary organization and regional specialization for digestion and absorption. / Insect alimentary canal की regional specialization और digestion-absorption समझाइए।
10. Analyze Malpighian tubules in nitrogenous waste elimination and ionic regulation. / Malpighian tubules का nitrogenous waste elimination और ionic regulation में analysis कीजिए।
11. Discuss respiratory adaptations of aquatic and endoparasitic insects. / Aquatic और endoparasitic insects की respiratory adaptations की चर्चा कीजिए।
12. Explain haemocyte types and their physiological roles, including their relation to diapause. / Haemocyte types, functions और diapause से relation समझाइए।
13. Discuss endocrine regulation of insect physiology and development. / Insect physiology और development का endocrine regulation समझाइए।
14. Describe modern classification of insects with special emphasis on economically important orders. / Economically important orders के संदर्भ में modern insect classification समझाइए।
15. Evaluate integrated management of paddy, sugarcane, cotton and stored-product pests. / Paddy, sugarcane, cotton और stored-product pests के integrated management का मूल्यांकन कीजिए।
16. Explain the economic biology of honeybee and silkworm and the management principles of their industries. / Honeybee और silkworm की economic biology तथा industry management समझाइए।
17. Compare organophosphate, carbamate and botanical insecticides in mechanism, hazard and application. / Organophosphate, carbamate और botanical insecticides की mechanism, hazard और application के आधार पर तुलना कीजिए।
18. Discuss fumigation, insecticide hazards, precautions and antidotes. / Fumigation, insecticide hazards, precautions और antidotes की चर्चा कीजिए।
19. Explain predator, parasitoid and pathogen based biological control and factors affecting efficacy. / Predator, parasitoid और pathogen based biological control तथा efficacy factors समझाइए।
20. Evaluate IPM, chemosterilants, autocides and third/fourth-generation pesticides in sustainable pest management. / Sustainable pest management में IPM, chemosterilants, autocides और newer pesticides evaluate कीजिए।
21. Analyze host specificity, pathophysiology and immunoparasitology in helminth infections. / Helminth infections में host specificity, pathophysiology और immunoparasitology का विश्लेषण कीजिए।
22. Explain immunodiffusion, fluorescent-antibody methods and serological diagnosis in parasitology. / Parasitology में immunodiffusion, fluorescent-antibody methods और serological diagnosis समझाइए।
23. Discuss population dynamics, bioinvasion and zoonotic potential of helminths. / Helminths की population dynamics, bioinvasion और zoonotic potential की चर्चा कीजिए।
24. Compare fish adaptations in hill-stream and deep-sea habitats. / Hill-stream और deep-sea habitats में fish adaptations की तुलना कीजिए।
25. Explain teleost skin, scales, fins and their functional significance. / Teleost skin, scales और fins का functional significance समझाइए।