Subjective / Written Questions (25)
1. Derive the logistic growth equation and explain how r and K jointly determine population trajectory under density dependence. / Logistic growth equation व्युत्पन्न कीजिए और density dependence में r तथा K population trajectory को कैसे निर्धारित करते हैं।
2. Using Lotka–Volterra competition, explain the parameter conditions that distinguish stable coexistence from competitive exclusion. / Lotka–Volterra competition में stable coexistence और competitive exclusion को अलग करने वाली parameter conditions समझाइए।
3. Critically evaluate niche overlap as a predictor of competition when resource use varies across space and time. / Space और time के साथ resource use बदलने पर niche overlap को competition का predictor मानने का आलोचनात्मक मूल्यांकन कीजिए।
4. Compare Shannon diversity, Simpson diversity and species richness as measures of community diversity. / Shannon diversity, Simpson diversity और species richness को community diversity measures के रूप में compare कीजिए।
5. Explain how thermodynamic constraints produce progressive energy loss across trophic levels. / Thermodynamic constraints trophic levels में progressive energy loss कैसे उत्पन्न करते हैं? समझाइए।
6. Trace nitrogen transformation from fixation to denitrification and discuss the ecological consequences of altered nitrogen inputs. / Nitrogen fixation से denitrification तक transformations बताइए और altered nitrogen inputs के ecological consequences समझाइए।
7. Explain how phosphorus limitation can influence primary productivity and ecosystem structure. / Phosphorus limitation primary productivity और ecosystem structure को कैसे प्रभावित कर सकती है?
8. Analyze sulphur cycling at the interface of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. / Terrestrial और aquatic ecosystems के interface पर sulphur cycling का विश्लेषण कीजिए।
9. Compare linear and Y-shaped food-web representations and discuss what each reveals about ecosystem organization. / Linear और Y-shaped food-web representations की तुलना कर ecosystem organization में उनकी उपयोगिता बताइए।
10. Discuss succession as a directional yet non-universal process and evaluate the climax concept. / Succession को directional लेकिन non-universal process मानते हुए climax concept का मूल्यांकन कीजिए।
11. Explain how remote sensing can detect habitat change without directly sampling every location. / Remote sensing बिना हर location को directly sample किए habitat change कैसे detect कर सकता है?
12. Distinguish SEM, TEM and fluorescence microscopy by source of contrast, specimen preparation and information obtained. / SEM, TEM और fluorescence microscopy को contrast, specimen preparation और obtained information के आधार पर अलग कीजिए।
13. Explain the logic of autoradiography and liquid scintillation counting in tracing biological molecules. / Biological molecules trace करने में autoradiography और liquid scintillation counting का logic समझाइए।
14. Compare affinity, ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography in terms of separation principle. / Affinity, ion-exchange और size-exclusion chromatography के separation principles compare कीजिए।
15. Explain how electrophoretic mobility is influenced by molecular charge, size and gel properties. / Electrophoretic mobility पर molecular charge, size और gel properties का प्रभाव समझाइए।
16. Why is ultracentrifugation useful for separating subcellular components? Explain with sedimentation principles. / Ultracentrifugation subcellular components अलग करने में useful क्यों है? sedimentation principles सहित समझाइए।
17. Derive the Beer–Lambert relationship and identify major causes of deviation in quantitative spectrophotometry. / Beer–Lambert relationship व्युत्पन्न कीजिए और quantitative spectrophotometry में deviation के प्रमुख कारण बताइए।
18. Contrast absorbance spectrophotometry with spectrofluorometry in sensitivity and analytical principle. / Absorbance spectrophotometry और spectrofluorometry की sensitivity तथा analytical principle के आधार पर तुलना कीजिए।
19. Explain flame photometry for Na+ and K+ estimation and identify the basis of selective emission. / Na+ और K+ estimation में flame photometry समझाइए और selective emission का आधार बताइए।
20. Discuss nephelometry and explain why suspended particles can be quantified through light scattering. / Nephelometry की चर्चा कीजिए और suspended particles को light scattering से quantify करने का आधार समझाइए।
21. Explain the sliding-filament basis of muscle contraction and the role of Ca2+ in excitation–contraction coupling. / Sliding-filament mechanism और excitation–contraction coupling में Ca2+ की भूमिका समझाइए।
22. Compare saltatory and continuous conduction and relate each to axonal structure. / Saltatory और continuous conduction की तुलना axonal structure से जोड़कर कीजिए।
23. Explain receptor transduction and distinguish ionotropic from metabotropic signalling. / Receptor transduction समझाइए और ionotropic तथा metabotropic signalling को अलग कीजिए।
24. Analyze osmoregulatory strategies in animals facing dilute versus concentrated external media. / Dilute और concentrated external media में animals की osmoregulatory strategies का विश्लेषण कीजिए।
25. Explain how active transport maintains ionic gradients and how those gradients can be coupled to secondary transport. / Active transport ionic gradients कैसे बनाए रखता है और वे secondary transport से कैसे couple होते हैं?