Subjective / Written Questions (25)
1. Explain DNA/RNA structure, replication, damage repair and gene organization. / DNA/RNA structure, replication और repair समझाइए।
2. Analyse transcription, RNA processing, editing and transport. / Transcription और RNA processing analyse कीजिए।
3. Explain translation, post-translational modification, protein sorting and regulation. / Translation और protein sorting समझाइए।
4. Analyse GPCR, second messengers, calcium-calmodulin and kinase signalling. / Signal transduction analyse कीजिए।
5. Discuss gene silencing and epigenetic regulation. / Gene silencing और epigenetics समझाइए।
6. Compare Sanger, Maxam-Gilbert and high-throughput sequencing. / Sequencing methods compare कीजिए।
7. Evaluate Southern, Northern, Western blotting, ELISA and RIA. / Blotting और immunoassays evaluate कीजिए।
8. Explain protein-protein and protein-nucleic-acid interaction analysis. / Molecular interaction methods समझाइए।
9. Analyse recombinant DNA cloning, PCR, vectors and screening. / Recombinant DNA, PCR और screening समझाइए।
10. Compare genomic/cDNA libraries, FISH and molecular markers. / Libraries, FISH और markers compare कीजिए।
11. Evaluate qRT-PCR, microarray, RNAi, mutagenesis and genome editing. / Functional genomics tools evaluate कीजिए।
12. Explain Agrobacterium transformation, regeneration and transformant screening. / Agrobacterium transformation समझाइए।
13. Discuss transgenic crops, molecular farming, chloroplast transformation and biosafety. / Transgenic crops और biosafety discuss कीजिए।
14. Explain BLAST, FASTA, sequence alignment, ORF prediction and primer design. / Bioinformatics tools समझाइए।
15. Discuss bioethics, consent, privacy, benefit sharing and responsible biotechnology. / Bioethics समझाइए।
16. Analyse patent criteria, WIPO, copyright, trademark and Indian patent procedure. / IPR analyse कीजिए।
17. Evaluate applied phycology as a research/biotechnology problem. / Applied phycology evaluate कीजिए।
18. Discuss molecular plant pathology and integrated disease management. / Plant pathology integrate कीजिए।
19. Analyse advanced cytogenetic approaches for plant improvement. / Advanced cytogenetics analyse कीजिए।
20. Discuss plant molecular breeding and marker-assisted selection. / Molecular breeding समझाइए।
21. Evaluate an advanced plant-biotechnology experiment with controls and reproducibility. / Advanced experiment design कीजिए।
22. Explain ethical and legal implications of genome editing in crops. / Genome editing के ethical/legal aspects समझाइए।
23. Compare sequencing strategies for a de novo plant genome project. / Genome sequencing strategies compare कीजिए।
24. Design a workflow from candidate gene identification to functional validation. / Candidate gene से functional validation workflow design कीजिए।
25. Integrate bioinformatics, biotechnology, IPR and biosafety into a translational plant-science project. / Integrated translational project design कीजिए।